ch 35 outline

Ch 35

The Allies Trade Space for Time

--->America's task of WWII was far more complex and hard than during WWI

--->It had to feed, clothe, and transport its forces to far away regions

---> It also had to send a vast amount of food and munitions to its allies, who stretched all the way from Australia to the USSR

The Shock of War

--->American Communists had denounced the Anglo-French war before Hitler attacked Stalin in 1941, but after Pearl Harbor, they clamored for war against the axis powers

--->Unlike WWI, when the patriotism of millions of immigrants was questioned, WWII actually sped the assimilation of many ethnic groups into American society

--->In the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the concentration camps

--->Many programs of the once-popular New Deal were wiped out-including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration

---> President Roosevelt declared in 1943 that the New Deal reform era was over.

Building the War Machine

--->The lingering Great Depression was brought to an end with the massive military orders.

---> Orchestrated by the War Production Board (WPB), American factories produced an enormous amount of weaponry, such as guns and planes

--->The government imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing as America's lifeline of natural rubber from British Malaysia and the Dutch East Indies was broken

--->In 1942, a sharp inflationary surge occurred as a result of full employment and scarce consumer goods

---> The Office of Price Administration (OPA) eventually brought the ascending prices down

--->The War Labor Board (WLB) imposed ceilings on wage increases

--->in June 1943,Congress passed the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

--->It authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up businesses

Manpower and Womanpower

---> In 1942, an agreement with Mexico brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers, called braceros, to America to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West

--->The armed services enlisted nearly 216,000 women in WWII

--->Most commonly known were the WAACs (army), WAVES (navy), and SPARs (Coast Guard)

--->The immediate post-war period witnessed not a permanent widening of women's employment opportunities, but a widespread rush into suburban domesticity and the mothering of the "baby boomers"

Wartime Migrations

--->1.6 million blacks left the South to seek jobs in the war plants of the West and North

---> Black leader A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a massive "Negro March on Washington" in 1941 to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and in the armed forces

---> Roosevelt established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance with his executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries

--->During WWII, FDR gave the South a disproportionate share of defense contracts in order to fix the economic crisis of the South

--->In 1944, the advent of the mechanical cotton picker made the Cotton South's need for cheap labor disappear

--->Some 25,000 Native Americans served in the armed forces

Holding the Home Front

--->By war's end, much of the world was in ruins, but in America, the war-stimulated economy was booming.

--->The hand of government touched more American lives more intimately during the war than every before; every household felt the constraints of the rationing system

--->Following the war, the national debt rose from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945

The Rising Sun in the Pacific

--->Simultaneously with the assault on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched attacks on various Far Eastern strongholds, including the American outposts of Guam, Wake, and the Philippines

--->In the Philippines, American forces, led by General MacArthur, held out against the invading Japanese force for 5 months

---> The America troops surrendered on April 9, 1942

--->The island fortress of Corregidor held out until it surrendered on May 6, 1942, giving the Japanese complete control of the Philippines

Japan's High Tide at Midway

--->In May 1942, a crucial naval battle was fought in the Coral Sea

--->On June 3-6, 1942, a naval battle of extreme importance to both the Japanese and the Americans was fought near Midway

---> Admiral Chester W. Nimitz directed a smaller but skillfully maneuvered carrier force, under Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, against the powerful invading Japanese fleet

American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo

--->In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific

--->the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943

--->The U.S. Navy had been "leapfrogging" the Japanese-held islands in the Pacific

---> Success came to the United States as Admiral Chester Nimitz coordinated the efforts of naval, air, and ground units

--->Saipan Island, Tinian Island, and the major islands of the Marianas fell to U.S. attackers in July and August 1944

The Allied Halting of Hitler

--->Hitler had entered the war with a strong, ultramodern fleet of submarine U-Boats

--->The turning point in the land-air war against Hitler came in late 1942

---> In October 1942, British general Bernard Montgomery delivered a withering attack on El Alamein

--->In September 1942, the Soviets repelled Hitler's attack on Stalingrad, capturing thousands of German soldiers

A Second Front from North Africa to Rome

--->Many Americans, including President Roosevelt, wanted to begin a diversionary invasion of France in 1942 or 1943

--->British military planners, fearing a possible disaster, preferred to attack Hitler through the "soft underbelly" of the Mediterranean

--->Led by American general, Dwight D. Eisenhower, an assault on French-held North Africa was launched in November 1942

--->At Casablanca, President Roosevelt met with Winston Churchill in January 1943

--->After the success of Africa, Allied forces captured Sicily in August 1943

---> In September 1943, Italy surrendered unconditionally and Mussolini was overthrown

--->Rome was taken on June 4, 1944.  On May 2, 1945, thousands of axis troops in Italy surrendered and became prisoners of war

D-Day: June 6, 1944

--->President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Stalin met in Teheran, Iran from November 28^th to December 1^st to coordinate a second front

--->Because the United States was to provide the most Allied troops for the invasion of Europe, American General Eisenhower was given command

--->French Normandy was chosen for the point for invasion due to the fact that it was less heavily defended than other parts of the European cost

---> On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the enormous operation took place

--->General George S. Patton led armored divisions across France extremely fast and efficiently

--->Paris was liberated in August 1944.

FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944

--->For the election of 1944, the Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey for the presidency and isolationist Senator, John W. Bricker for the vice presidency

--_>The Democrats nominated Roosevelt for the presidency and, after dispute of trust with current vice president Henry A. Wallace, Senator Harry S Truman was chosen for the vice presidency.

Roosevelt Defeats Dewey

--->Roosevelt won a sweeping majority of the votes in the Electoral College and was reelected

The Last Days of Hitler

--->On December 16, 1944, Hitler threw all of his forces against the thinly held American lines in the Ardennes Forest

--->Brigadier General A. C. McAuliffe led the Battle of the Bulge

--->In April 1945, General Eisenhower's troops reached the Elbe River, finding the concentration camps where the Nazis had murdered over 6 million Jews

--->The Soviets reached and captured Berlin in April 1945

---> Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945

--->On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died suddenly from a brain hemorrhage

---> Harry S Truman took over the presidency

--->n May 7, 1945, the German government surrendered unconditionally

Japan Dies Hard

--->After the conquest of New Guinea, General MacArthur returned to the Philippines, en route to Japan, with 600 ships and 250,000 troops

---> In Leyte Gulf, a series of 3 battles took place from October 23-26, 1944, knocking out Japan's massive and powerful navy

The Atomic Bombs

--->The Potsdam conference near Berlin in 1945 sounded the death of the Japanese

--->On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated

--->With the Japanese still refusing to surrender, the first of 2 atomic bombs was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945

---> On August 8, Stalin invaded the Japanese defenses of Manchuria and Korea

--->After the Japanese still refused to surrender, the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9

--->On August 10, 1945, Tokyo surrendered under the condition that Hirohito be allowed to remain the emperor

---> formal end to the war came on September 2, 1945

The Allies Triumphant

--->American forces suffered some 1 million casualties in WWII, while the Soviet Union suffered nearly 20 million

ch 34 outline

Ch 34

The London Conference

--->In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference

---> The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression

--->President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn't allow him to inflate the value of the dollar

--->Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart

--->The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians

--->Increasing the nation's isolationism, President Roosevelt withdrew from Asia

---> Bowing to organized labor's demands of the exclusion of low-wage Filipino workers, Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934, providing for the independence of the Philippines by 1946

--->In 1933, Roosevelt formally recognized the Soviet Union, opening up trade and bolstering a friendly counter-weight to the possible threat of German power in Europe and Japanese power in Asia

Becoming a Good Neighbor

--->President Roosevelt initiated the Good Neighbor policy, renouncing armed intervention in Latin America

--->The last marines left Haiti in 1934; Cuba, under the Platt Amendment, was released from American control; and the grip on Panama was relaxed in 1936

--->When the Mexican government seized American oil properties in 1938, President Roosevelt held to his unarmed intervention policy and a settlement was eventually worked out in 1941, causing the oil companies to lose much of their original stake

Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements

--->Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934

---> Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery

---> Secretary of State Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939

--->With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same

Impulses Toward Storm-Cellar Isolationism

--->Joseph Stalin took control of the Communist USSR, Benito Mussolini took control of Italy in 1922, and Adolf Hitler took control of Germany

--->In 1936, Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis

--->Determined to find a place in the Asiatic sun, Japan terminated the Washington Naval Treaty and accelerated their construction of giant battleships

--->Mussolini, seeking power and glory in Africa, attacked Ethiopia in 1935

--->In 1934, Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act, preventing the debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

Congress Legislates Neutrality

--->Responding to overwhelming popular pressure, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

---> The acts stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect

--->The Neutrality Acts were made to keep the United States out of a conflict

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

--->The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 started when Spanish rebels, led by General Francisco Franco, rose against the left-wing Republican government in Madrid

---> Aided by Mussolini and Hitler, Franco undertook to overthrow the Loyalist regime, which was assisted by the Soviet Union

Appeasing Japan and Germany

--->In 1937, the Japanese militarists touched off an explosion that led to the all-out invasion of China --_>President Roosevelt declined to invoke the recently passed neutrality legislation by refusing to call the "China incident" an officially declared war

--->In 1937, Japanese planes sunk an American gunboat, the Panay

--->Tokyo was quick to make apologies and the United States accepted

--->In 1935, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles when he introduced mandatory military service in Germany

---> In 1936, he again violated the treaty when he took over the demilitarized German Rhineland.

--->In March 1938, Hitler invaded Austria

--->At a conference in Munich, Germany in September 1938, the Western European democracies, unprepared for war, betrayed Czechoslovakia to Germany when they gave away Sudetenland

--->In March 1939, Hitler took control of Czechoslovakia

Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality

--->On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Hitle

---> The Hitler-Stalin pact meant that Germany could make war on Poland and the Western democracies without fear of retaliation from the Soviet Union

--->Hitler demanded from Poland a return of the areas taken from Germany after WW

---> After Poland failed to meet his demands, Hitler militarily invaded Poland on September 1, 1939

--->The Neutrality Act of 1937 placed a arms trade embargo on Spain and extended the current embargo on Britain and France

--->Heeding to the need of France and Britain of war materials from America, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939

--->It stated that the European democracies could buy American war materials as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships after paying for them in cash

The Fall of France

--->The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the "phony war"

--->The Soviet Union took over Finland despite Congress loaning $30 million to Finland

--->Hitler overran Denmark and Norway in April 1940, ending the "phony war"

--->Hitler then moved on to the Netherlands and Belgium

---> By late June 1940, France was forced to surrender

---> On September 6, 1940, Congress passed a conscription law

--->Amrica's first peacetime draft was initiated-provision was made for training 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves each years

---> At the Havana Conference of 1940, the United States agreed to share with its 20 New World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine

Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)

--->After France fell to Germany in the Battle of France (June), Hitler launched a series of air attacks against Britain in August 1940

--->President Roosevelt faced a historic decision

---> whether to hunker down in the Western Hemisphere and let the rest of the world go it alone; or to bolster Britain by all means short of war itself

---> Isolationists organized the America First Committee, contending that America should concentrate what strength it had to defend its own shores

--->On September 2, 1940, President Roosevelt agreed to transfer to 50 destroyers left over from WWI to Britain

FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)

--->The Republicans chose Wendell L. Willkie to run against President Roosevelt

--->Roosevelt challenged the sacred two-term tradition when he decided that in such a grave crisis he owed his experienced hand to the service of his country

--->Both presidential nominees promised to stay out of the war, and both promised to strengthen the nation's defenses

--->FDR won the election of 1940; voters generally felt that should war come, the experience of FDR was needed

Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law

--->Fearing the collapse of Britain, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Bill in 1941

--->it allowed for American arms to be lent or leased to the democracies of the world that needed them

--->Lend-lease was a challenge thrown at the Axis dictators; America pledged itself to bolster those nations that were indirectly fighting it by fighting aggression

--->Hitler recognized the Lend-Lease Bill as an unofficial declaration of war

--_> On May 21, 1941, the Robin Moor, an unarmed American merchantman, was destroyed by a German submarine in the South Atlantic, outside the war zone

Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter

--->Two events marked the course of WWII before the assault on Pearl Harbor

---> the fall of France in June 1940, and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941

--->Even though the two nations were bound to peace under the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, neither Hitler nor Stalin trusted one another

--->On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union

---> President Roosevelt immediately promised assistance and backed up his words by making some military supplies available

--->With the surrender of the Soviet Union a very real possibility, the Atlantic Conference was held in August 1941

--->eight-point Atlantic Charter, outlining the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at the war's end

---> The Atlantic Charter promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants; it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators; and it declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a new League of Nations

U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-boats Clash

--->FDR made the decision to escort the shipments of arms to Britain by U.S. warships in July 1941

===> In September 1941, the U.S. destroyer Greer was attacked by a U-boat, without suffering damage

---> October 17 the destroyer Kearny was crippled by a U-boat

--->Congress voted in November 1941 to repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, enabling merchant ships to be legally armed and enter the combat zones with munitions for Britain

Surprise Assault of Pearl Harbor

--->state Department insisted that the Japanese clear out of China, offering to renew trade relations on a limited basis

---> Forced with the choice of succumbing to the Americans or continued conquest, the Japanese chose to fight

--->On "Black Sunday" December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, killing 2,348 people

--->On December 11, 1941, Congress declared war.

America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent

--->Pearl Harbor was not the full answer to the question of why the United States went to war

--->Rather than let democracy die and dictatorship rule, most Americans were determined to support a policy that might lead to war

ch 33 outline

Ch 33

FDR: Politician in a Wheelchair

--->Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was to become the most active First Lady in history

---> She powerfully influenced the policies of the national government, battling for the impoverished and oppressed

--->Roosevelt's commanding presence and golden speaking voice made him the premier American orator of his generation

Presidential Hopefuls of 1932

--->In the Democratic campaign of 1932, Roosevelt attacked the Republican Old Deal and concentrated on preaching a New Deal for the "forgotten man"

---> He promised to balance the nation's budget and decrease the heavy Hooverian deficits

--->Although Americans' distrust in the Republican party was high because of the dire economic state of the country (Great Depression), Herbert Hoover and the Republican party had hopes that the worst of the Depression was over

Hoover's Humiliation in 1932

--->Franklin Roosevelt won the election of 1932 by a sweeping majority, in both the popular vote and the Electoral College

--->Beginning in the election of 1932, blacks became, notably in the urban centers of the North, a vital element of the Democratic Party

FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform

--->Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933

--->On March 6-10, President Roosevelt declared a national banking holiday as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis

---> The Hundred Days Congress/Emergency Congress (March 9-June 16, 1933) passed a series laws in order to cope with the national emergency (The Great Depression)

--->Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at 3 R's:

---> relief, recovery, reform

--->Congress gave President Roosevelt extraordinary blank-check powers

--->The New Dealers embraced such progressive ideas as unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation and development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor

Roosevelt Tackles Money and Banking

--->The impending banking crisis caused Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

---> It gave the president power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks

--->Congress then passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

--->A reform program, the FDIC insured individual bank deposits up to $5,000, ending the epidemic of bank failures

--->In order to protect the shrinking gold reserve, President Roosevelt ordered all private holdings of gold to be given to the Treasury in exchange for paper currency and then the nation to be taken off the gold standard-Congress passed laws providing for these measures

--->The goal of Roosevelt's "managed currency" was inflation, which he believed would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production

Creating Jobs for the Jobless

-->President Roosevelt had no qualms about using federal money to assist the unemployed in order to jumpstart the economy

---> Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided employment for about 3 million men in government camps

--->Congress's first major effort to deal with the massive unemployment was to pass the Federal Emergency Relief Act

--->Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was headed by Harry L. Hopkins

---> Created in 1933, the Civil Works Administration (CWA), a branch of the FERA, was designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter emergency

--->Relief was given to the farmers with the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), making available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages

--->Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) assisted many households that had trouble paying their mortgages

A Day for Every Demagogue

--->Father Charles Coughlin's anti-New Deal radio broadcasts eventually became so anti-Semitic and fascistic that he was forced off the air

---> Senator Huey P. Long publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program in which every family in the United States would receive $5,000

--->Dr. Francis E. Townsend attracted millions of senior citizens with his plan that each citizen over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month

--->Congress passed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935, with the objective of employment on useful projects

A Helping Hand for Industry and Labor

---> National Recovery Administration (NRA) was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed

--->Although initially supported by the public, collapse of the NRA came in 1935 with the Supreme Court's Schechter decision in which it was ruled that Congress could not "delegate legislative powers" to the president and that congressional control of interstate commerce could apply to local fowl business

--->Public Works Administration (PWA) was intended for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief

---> Headed by Harold L. Ickes, the agency spent over $4 billion on thousands of projects, including public buildings and highways.

--->In order to raise federal revenue and provide a level of employment, Congress repealed prohibition with the 21^st Amendment in late 1933

Paying Farmers Not to Farm

--->Congress created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

--->It established "parity prices" for basic commodities

--->The Supreme Court struck down the AAA in 1936, declaring its regulatory taxation provisions unconstitutional

--->The New Deal Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

--->The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued conservation payments; if farmers obeyed acreage restrictions on specific commodities, they would be eligible for parity payments.

Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards

--->Late in 1933, a prolonged drought struck the states of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains

--->The Dust Bowl was partially caused by the cultivation of countless acres, dry-farming techniques, and mechanization.

--->Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in 1934

---> It made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosures for 5 years

--->In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration, given the task of moving near-farmless farmers to better lands

--->The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions

Battling Bankers and Big Business

--->In order to protect the public against fraud, Congress passed the "Truth in Securities Act" (Federal Securities Act)

---> requiring promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

--->In 1934, Congress took further steps to protect the public with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River

--->Zealous New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of gouging the public with excessive rates

--->2.5 million of America's most poverty-stricken people inhabited Muscle Shoals

--->In 1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

---> assigned the task of predicting how much the production and distribution of electricity would cost so that a "yardstick" could be set up to test the fairness of rates charged by private companies

--->The large project of constructing dams on the Tennessee River brought to the area full employment, the blessings of cheap electric power, low-cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, the restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control

--->The conservative reaction against the "socialistic" New Deal would confine the TVA's brand of federally guided resource management and comprehensive regional development to the Tennessee Valley

Housing Reform and Social Security

--->To speed recovery and better homes, President Roosevelt set up the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934

--->To strengthen the FHA, Congress created the United States Housing Authority (USHA) in 1937 --->It was designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction.

The more important success of New Dealers was in the field of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions

---> The Social Security Act of 1935 provided for federal-state unemployment insurance

--->Republicans were strongly opposed to Social Security

A New Deal for Unskilled Labor

--->When the Supreme Court struck down the National Recovery Administration (NRA), Congress, sympathetic towards labor unions, passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) --->created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and reasserted the rights of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice

--->The stride for unskilled workers to organize was lead by John L. Lewis, boss of the United Mine Workers

-->formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1935

--->Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) in 1938

--->In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations."-led by John Lewis

---> By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members.

Landon Challenges "the Champ" in 1936

--->As the election of 1936 neared, the New Dealers had achieved considerable progress, and millions of "reliefers" were grateful to their government

--->The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt

--->President Roosevelt was reelected as president in a lopsided victory

Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench

--->Ratified in 1933, the 20^th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks

--->With his reelection, Roosevelt felt that the American people had wanted the New Deal

--->President Roosevelt released his plan to ask Congress to pass legislation allowing him to appoint one new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over the age of 70 who would not retire; the maximum number of justices would now be 15

The Court Changes Course

--->President Roosevelt was belittled for attempting to break down the checks and balances system among the 3 branches of government

--->Justice Owen J. Roberts, formerly regarded as a conservative, began to vote libera

--->In March 1937, the Supreme Court upheld the principle of state minimum wage for women, reversing its stand on a different case a year earlier

--->FDR aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress so that few New Deal reforms were passed after 1937

The Twilight of the New Deal

--->In 1937, the economy took another downturn as new Social Security taxes began to cut into payrolls and as the Roosevelt administration cut back on spending out of the continuing reverence for the orthodox economic doctrine of the balanced budget

---> Roosevelt embraced the recommendations of the British economist John Maynard Keynes

---> The newly-accepted "Keynesianism" economic program was to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending

--->In 1939, Congress passed the Reorganization Act, giving President Roosevelt limited powers for administrative reforms, including the new Executive Office in the White House

--->Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939, barring federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting

New Deal or Raw Deal?

--->Foes of the New Deal charged the president of spending too much money on his programs, significantly increasing the national debt; by 1939, the national debt was at $40,440,000,000

FDR's Balance Sheet

--->New Deal supporters had pointed out that relief, not economy, had been the primary objective of their war on the depression

---->FDR was a Hamiltonian in his idea of big government, but a Jeffersonian in his concern for the "forgotten man"

Pro-Life or Pro-Choice

 

Many people argue the pros and cons for each side of pro-life and pro-choice. For the pro-life side, people bring up the arguement that they are taking away a life. Pro-choice says that it is the womens choice to either let the fetus fully grow to a baby or get rid of it. Technically, a fetus does not become a baby that can fend for itself until around its 7 months so before 7 months, an abortion does not take a life away. I have to argue with pro-choice because there are many teenage girls who are raped and left pregnant, but what if they are not ready to have a baby. Should'nt they have a choice to live their life before they have to take on such a great responsibility when it was not their fault they became pregnant? I am strongly pro-choice due to the this fact and also the fact that their are women who can not provide for another mouth, another stomach. Accidents do happen and if the women can no fend for the child, why have it? Every women deserves a choice because only they know if they are ready to take on such a great responsibility, who are others to decide for them?

Fannie Lou Hamer

 

I am Fannie Lou Hamer. Daughter of sharecropper parents and the youngest of 20 children. Yes 20 children. My parents needed to get as much help to work on the feilds. I was always on the fields so I never received any sort of education. When I finaly learned about my rights that summer 1962, I was outraged that I was  never told about these rights I had. In a Freedom School that summer I became literate and joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). From there on I vowed to fight for my rights. I was a part of every march from then on and when we were protesting, I made sure to be the loudest one. I even helped found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964 because my state, Mississipi, only had white representatives. I did not let anthing stop me from fighting fr my rights. I was beaten and arrested so many times but I never let that stop me. I kept fighting until I could no longer fight off the deadly disease of cancer. Cancer stopped me on March 14, 1977. I was born in Mississipi and I died in Mississipi fighting for my rights. 



Reconstruction Era

      During Reconstruction, blacks became were no longer slaves, but freedman. They gained their freedom after the North won the Civil War. After the Civil War, the seceded Southern states were accepted back into the US little by little. Blacks were not veiwed as equal and were pretty much still slaves with the laws placed upon them. Their freedom was very restricted. One of the greatest ways there freedom was restricted can be seen through the Misissipi Black Codes. These laws granted the freedman certain rights but violated a lot more of them. If the freedman were actually free, the Amendments would apply to them too but some of their ammendments were not respected. Freedman were not allowed to own any type of firearm which violated their right to bear arms. Freedman were also not allowed to intermarry which violated their right to happines. As one can see, equality was not created during Reconstruction. Even today there is no complete equality because Blacks and Latinos alike are still discriminate today. Not as bad as before but it is still here in our era. Equality still has to be worked on for it to be full equality for all.

Theodore Parker

 

Theodore Parker's Speech at the Faneuil Hall Meeting (May 26, 1854)

http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/aboltheopark.html

 

As an abolitionist, Theodore Parker beleived that the issue of slavery in the US was a great problem. He beleived that the law that was passed, the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (following the Compromise of 1850), was controversial to the Compromise. He did not beleive it was fair that slaves that reached the Northern states had to be returned to their slave owners in the South. He was against slavery and he openly advocated for the people to the violate this law. An example of him sharing his ideas against slavery is in May 26, 1854 at Faneuil Hall. There, Parker gave his speech that the Fugitive Slave Law was unfair and they should stand against it. He planned to not allow a slave, that had been recently recaptured, be taken back to the South with his owner.

According to Parker, the great issue in the US was the issue of slavery. Parker beleived that the current government had issues and that over time it would be fixed so that justice would be met and slavery would end. Legislation can control human behavior but not change it because humans will still act as they wish but legislation puts a borderline to what extent the people could act as they wish. Parker beleived in immediate changes because he planned to take action at the Faneuil Hall Meeting when he planned to not let the slave leave.

Parker showed that society can be improved by involvement because he took action against what he did not agree with. He spoke against the capture of the slave in his speech at Faneuil Hall. He also hid slaves from the Fugitive Slave Law. Parker was directly involved in getting rid of slavery so he obviously beleived in the active involvement to make a better society. He beleives a society with no slavery would be a good society. He followed what he beleived was a good society and fought to get rid of slvery.